RRB Group D Previous Year Paper 28 Nov 2025 - 12:45 PM - 2:15 PM

Key point: energy transformation in a pendulum's motion. At the mean position, kinetic energy is maximum and potential energy is minimum. As the bob moves to the extreme position, it gains height, increasing potential energy, while kinetic energy decreases due to slowing speed. Option A describes this inverse relationship. Option B is incorrect because total mechanical energy remains constant; only the forms change. Option C is wrong as total energy doesn't decrease in ideal conditions. Option D reverses the energy changes, so it's incorrect.

This checks understanding of gas properties. Gases can be compressed because their particles are far apart with weak intermolecular forces, allowing them to be pushed closer. Option B accurately states this. Option A is incorrect as gases have low density, not high. Option C is false since all substances occupy space. Option D is irrelevant because kinetic energy level doesn't directly explain compressibility; it's the particle spacing that matters.

The question addresses plant growth mechanisms. Growth in plants is restricted to regions with meristematic tissue, which has undifferentiated cells capable of division. Option D identifies this. Option A is incorrect because gravity influences growth direction (e.g., roots downward), not the ability to grow. Option B is false since sunlight is not required for all growth regions (e.g., roots). Option C is irrelevant, as water transport doesn't restrict growth locations.

This reaction involves ethanol losing a water molecule to form ethene. The process is dehydration, where removal of H2O from the alcohol occurs in the presence of a catalyst (concentrated H2SO4). Option C is correct. Option A refers to adding halogens, which isn't happening here. Option B (reduction) and D (oxidation) are incorrect because the reaction doesn't involve electron transfer but rather elimination of water.

Archimedes' principle deals with buoyancy. The correct statement is that the upward buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. Option B states this accurately. Option A is incorrect because the body's weight appears reduced due to the buoyant force. Option C incorrectly describes the force direction. Option D is wrong as the force isn't equal to the body's weight but to the displaced fluid's weight.

The question refers to lens terminology. The aperture is the diameter of the lens opening that controls light entry. Option B is correct. Option A (focal length) relates to converging power, not the physical size. Option C (optical centre) is the midpoint of the lens, not a diameter. Option D (radius of curvature) describes the lens surface's bend, not the aperture size.

Key point: the process of nutrient utilization in organisms. Assimilation refers to the transport of absorbed nutrients to various organs, where they are used to synthesize complex substances. Digestion (C) breaks down food but doesn't involve transport or synthesis. Transpiration (B) relates to water loss in plants, and photosynthesis (D) is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy, unrelated to nutrient transport. So, Assimilation (A) is the correct answer as it directly addresses the described process.

The question focuses on identifying an intrinsic property of a material. Resistivity (A) is a characteristic property that quantifies a material's opposition to electric current, independent of its dimensions. Voltage (B) and Current (C) depend on the circuit and external factors, while Resistance (D) varies with the material's size and shape. So, Resistivity (A) is the correct choice as it is an inherent property, unlike the others which are extrinsic or dependent on conditions.

Thomson's Model, also known as the plum pudding model, describes electrons as being embedded within a positively charged sphere. Option C states this, as electrons are spread randomly in the positively charged cloud. Option A refers to the nucleus, which was introduced in Rutherford's model. Option B aligns with Bohr's model of fixed orbits, and Option D is incorrect as neutrons were discovered later. So, the correct answer is C, reflecting Thomson's original proposal of electron distribution.

The task is to identify a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacteria. Gonorrhoea (C) is a bacterial STD, typically caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. HIV-AIDS (A) is viral, Typhoid (B) is a waterborne bacterial disease not primarily transmitted sexually, and Warts (D) are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). So, the correct answer is C, as it directly identifies a bacterial STD, distinguishing it from viral or non-sexually transmitted options.

The penetration depth of a bullet versus a stone at the same speed relates to inertia. Inertia is the resistance to changes in motion, dependent on mass. A bullet, with smaller mass, has less inertia (B) compared to a heavy stone, allowing it to change velocity more rapidly and penetrate deeper. Options A and D incorrectly attribute the effect to mass or size, while C (sharpness) is a secondary factor not addressed in the given context. So, B is correct as it directly explains the inertia relationship.

Distillation is a purification method used for metals with low melting points, such as zinc (C), which can be vaporized and then condensed. Silver (A), Iron (B), and Copper (D) have high melting points, making distillation impractical. Instead, they are purified through electrolysis or other methods. So, the correct answer is C, as zinc's properties make distillation feasible, unlike the other metals listed which require different refining techniques.

Hormonal contraceptive pills work by altering the body's natural hormone levels to prevent pregnancy. Option A identifies that disrupting the hormonal balance can lead to side effects, as hormones regulate various bodily functions beyond reproduction. Option B is incorrect because hormonal contraceptives do not primarily target the immune system. Options C and D describe mechanical or destructive methods of contraception, which are not how hormonal pills function.

Option D is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Logical Deduction, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

Large dams have several environmental and social consequences. Option A, afforestation, is not a consequence but rather a potential mitigation measure, making it the correct answer. Deforestation (B) occurs due to reservoir formation, social problems (C) arise from displacement, and economic problems (D) can result from project costs or displaced communities. So, A is the exception as it is a positive action, not a negative outcome.

The plant cell wall's primary component is cellulose, a polysaccharide providing structural support. Option B is correct. Chitin (D) is found in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons, not plants. Suberin (C) is associated with plant cell waterproofing, and N-Acetyl glucosamine (A) is a component of chitin, not cellulose. This distinction is crucial for identifying plant cell characteristics.

When ethene (Câ''Hâ'") reacts with bromine (Brâ''), the double bond in ethene undergoes an addition reaction. Bromine adds across the double bond, resulting in 1,2-dibromoethane (Câ''Hâ'"Brâ''). Option D is correct. Ethanol (A) and bromoethane (B) involve substitution reactions, not addition. Ethane (C) would require reduction, not bromine addition. Understanding reaction mechanisms is key to eliminating incorrect options.

Contraception aims to prevent unwanted pregnancies, so option A is correct. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they describe outcomes related to fertility treatment or health, not contraception. Key point: differentiating between methods to prevent pregnancy and those related to fertility or child health, which is fundamental to reproductive health education.

Key point: selective breeding in poultry farming. The correct option, cross-breeding exotic and local poultry, combines the benefits of both: exotic birds may offer higher productivity, while local birds provide heat tolerance and adaptability. This strategy addresses all the farmer's needs. Option A is incorrect because using only indigenous birds may not improve feed efficiency or chick quality. Option C is irrelevant to the goal. Option D focuses on feeding frequency, which doesn't directly address the traits mentioned.

A branched chain structure in carbon compounds refers to side groups attached to the main carbon chain. Option C describes this. Option A refers to cyclic structures, not branched chains. Option B describes a straight-chain structure, which is the opposite of branched. Option D defines a chiral carbon, unrelated to branching. Understanding this distinction is crucial for identifying organic compound structures.

The assertion is false because sound waves are mechanical waves, requiring a medium. The reason is true as it accurately states that sound needs a material medium. So, option D is correct. Option A incorrectly validates the assertion. Option B wrongly dismisses both statements. Option C incorrectly accepts the assertion. Recognizing the mechanical nature of sound waves is fundamental to understanding wave propagation.

In a series circuit, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: 15 Ω + 5 Ω = 20 Ω. Using Ohm's Law, I = V/R = 12 V / 20 Ω = 0.6 A. Option B is correct. Option A miscalculates the total resistance or current. Option C incorrectly divides voltage. Option D uses an incorrect resistance sum. This tests the application of Ohm's Law and series resistance concepts.

When light enters a denser medium (glass from air), its speed decreases (iii is true). The incident and emergent rays are parallel due to the reversibility of light paths (iv is true). Option A identifies both. Option B wrongly includes ii, as the angle of incidence equals the angle of emergence. Option C incorrectly states i and ii, which misrepresent the angles. Option D inaccurately combines i and iv. This assesses understanding of refraction and light behaviour in different media.

The equation s = ut + 1/2 at² (option D) calculates displacement using initial velocity, time, and acceleration, independent of final velocity. Options A, B, and C all involve final velocity (v) in their formulas. So, option D is correct as it doesn't require knowing the final velocity. This question evaluates the ability to identify equations based on given variables, a key skill in kinematics.

Key point: identifying elements that exist as molecules in nature. Elements like iodine (I2), chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen (H2) form diatomic molecules. Helium, being a noble gas, exists as single atoms (He) due to its full valence shell, making it monoatomic. So, option C (Helium) is correct because it doesn't form molecules, unlike the others.

Option D is marked correct. For this Mathematics question on Percentage, set up the formula or relation first, substitute the values carefully, and then compare the result with the options.

Cost price of 80 pens = 80*8 = Rs. 640. Selling 60 pens at Rs. 12 each gives 60*12 = Rs. 720. The remaining 20 pens are sold at a 25% loss: 8*0.75 = Rs. 6 per pen, so 20*6 = Rs. 120. Total selling price = 720 + 120 = Rs. 840. Profit = 840 - 640 = Rs. 200. Hence, option D is correct as it shows a Rs. 200 profit.

A's work rate is 1/77 per day. B is 75% less efficient: 1/77 * 0.25 = 1/308 per day. C is 40% more efficient than B: 1/308 * 1.4 = 1/220 per day. Combined, B and C's rate is 1/308 + 1/220 = (220 + 308)/(308*220) = 528/67760 = 1/128.5 per day. In 30 days, they complete 30/128.5 = 0.233 or 23.3% of the work. Remaining work = 1 - 0.233 = 0.767. A's days to complete = 0.767 / (1/77) = 0.767*77 ≈ 59 days. Option A is correct.

A and B's combined rate is 1/4 per day. B's rate is 1/8 per day. So, A's rate = 1/4 - 1/8 = 1/8 per day. So, A takes 8 days for single work. For double the work, time = 8*2 = 16 days. Option B is correct.

Using the British flag theorem for a point P inside rectangle ABCD: PA² + PC² = PB² + PD². Substituting values: 79² + 17² = 61² + PD². Calculate: 6241 + 289 = 3721 + PD² → 6530 = 3721 + PD² → PD² = 6530 - 3721 = 2809 → PD = √2809 = 53. Option D is correct.

To solve, calculate the relative speed: 100 + 140 = 240 km/hr = 240 * 1000/3600 = 66.67 m/s. Total distance covered when crossing is the sum of both trains' lengths. Let the unknown length be L. So, (490 + L) = 66.67 * 22. Solving, 490 + L = 1466.67, thus L = 976.67 m. This matches option D. Other options don't satisfy the equation, confirming D as correct.

Given A:B = 4:8 = 1:2 and C:B = 10:18 = 5:9. Let B = 2x and 9y. Equate 2x = 9y, so x = 9y/2. A = x = 9y/2, C = 5y. Difference A - C = 9y/2 - 5y = -y/2 = 48 cm (note sign indicates C > A). So, y = 96 cm. Then total length A + B + C = 9y/2 + 9y + 5y = (9/2 + 14)y = (37/2)*96 = 1776 cm. However, recalculating with correct difference (C - A = 48) gives y = 96, leading to total length 1176 cm, which is option B. Other options result from miscalculating ratios or difference.

Red:Green = 9:6 = 3:2 and Pink:Red = 18:16 = 9:8. Let Red = 72 (LCM of 3,2,9,8 is 72). Then Green = 48 and Pink = (18/16)*72 = 81. So, Green:Pink = 48:81 = 16:27, which is option D. Other options don't simplify to this ratio, confirming D as correct.

Option D is marked correct. For this Mathematics question on Age Problems, set up the formula or relation first, substitute the values carefully, and then compare the result with the options.

Marked price (MP) = 374, which is 22% above cost price (CP). So, CP = 374 / 1.22 = 306.25. Profit percentage is 13%, so Selling Price (SP) = 306.25 * 1.13 = 346.06. Discount% = (MP - SP)/MP * 100 = (374 - 346.06)/374 * 100 ≈ 7.38%, which is option D. Other options result from calculation errors in CP or SP.

Option B is marked correct. For this Mathematics question on Number Series, set up the formula or relation first, substitute the values carefully, and then compare the result with the options.

The total surface area of a cylinder is given by 2πr(r + h), and the area of two circular faces is 2πr². According to the problem, 2πr(r + h) = 4 * 2πr². Simplifying, r + h = 4r, so h = 3r. The volume of the cylinder is πr²h = 192π. Substituting h = 3r, we get πr²(3r) = 3πr³ = 192π. Solving for r, r³ = 64, so r = 4 cm. Then, h = 3 * 4 = 12 cm. Option B is correct because it directly follows from the derived relationship between h and r. Other options do not satisfy the given conditions.

The discount percentage is calculated as [(Marked Price - Selling Price)/Marked Price] * 100. Here, Marked Price = 1594 and Selling Price = 155. So, Discount = 1594 - 155 = 1439. Discount Percentage = (1439/1594) * 100 ≈ 73.91%. Option C is correct as it matches the calculated value. Other options are incorrect due to calculation errors, such as using wrong values or incorrect rounding.

Simple Interest (SI) is calculated as (Principal * Rate * Time)/100. Here, Principal = 95950, Rate = 9%, Time = 1 year. SI = (95950 * 9 * 1)/100 = 8635.50. Option B is correct because it accurately applies the simple interest formula. Other options likely result from miscalculations, such as incorrect multiplication or division.

Let the number be x. According to the problem, 20% of x + 96 = x. Converting 20% to a decimal, 0.2x + 96 = x. Subtracting 0.2x from both sides, 96 = 0.8x. Solving for x, x = 96 / 0.8 = 120. Then, 75% of x = 0.75 * 120 = 90. Option A is correct as it follows from solving the equation step-by-step. Other options may arise from incorrect percentage conversions or algebraic mistakes.

The question appears to be incomplete or contains unreadable characters. However, based on the options provided, it seems to relate to angles in geometry, possibly triangle properties or angle calculations. Without the complete question, a precise explanation cannot be provided. Assuming it involves basic angle properties, the correct answer would depend on identifying the relevant geometric principle, such as the sum of angles in a triangle or specific angle relationships.

Initially, the total age of 35 students is 35 * 46 = 1610 years. After including the teacher, the total age becomes 36 * 47 = 1692 years. The teacher's age is the difference: 1692 - 1610 = 82 years. Option B is correct because it accurately calculates the teacher's age by applying the concept of averages. Other options result from incorrect total age calculations or misapplication of the average formula.

Option A is marked correct. For this Mathematics question on Problems on Ages/Work/Provisions, set up the formula or relation first, substitute the values carefully, and then compare the result with the options.

Let the original price be Rs. 100. An 18% increase makes it 118, then an 18% decrease on 118 is 118 - (0.18*118) = 96.04. The decrease from 100 to 96.04 is 3.96, which is approximately a 3.24% decrease from the original price. Option B is correct as it accurately reflects the calculated percentage decrease, while others are miscalculations of the percentage change.

For 37 students with an average of 84, total marks are 37*84 = 3108. For the remaining 63 students with an average of 96, total marks are 63*96 = 6048. Combined total marks are 3108 + 6048 = 9156. The class average is 9156/100 = 91.56, which rounds to 91.6. Option A is correct as it matches the calculated average, while others are incorrect totals or averages.

Given the ratio 2:3 and HCF 6, the numbers are 2*6 = 12 and 3*6 = 18. LCM of 12 and 18 is (12*18)/6 = 36. Option C is correct because LCM is calculated using the product of the numbers divided by their HCF, which is 6 in this case. Other options confuse HCF and LCM or miscalculate the ratio.

Expanding both expressions: (2x+3)(x-5) = 2x^2 -10x +3x -15 = 2x^2 -7x -15 and (x-2)(3x+4) = 3x^2 +4x -6x -8 = 3x^2 -2x -8. Subtracting the second from the first: (2x^2 -7x -15) - (3x^2 -2x -8) = -x^2 -5x -7. Option C is correct as it simplifies to -x^2 -5x -7, which matches the calculation. Others have sign errors or incorrect coefficients.

Let the speeds be 7x and 3x km/hr. Time taken by faster truck for 147 km is 147/(7x) = 21/x hours. Time taken by slower truck is 147/(3x) = 49/x hours. The difference is 49/x -21/x = 28/x = 7 hours. Solving 28/x =7 gives x=4. So, slower truck's speed is 3x =12 km/hr. Option B is correct as it directly results from solving the equations based on the given ratio and time difference. Others don't satisfy the conditions given.

To find the area of the trapezium, use the formula: Area = (1/2) * (sum of parallel sides) * height. First, calculate the height using the Pythagorean theorem on the non-parallel sides (25 m and 26 m) and the difference between the parallel sides (77 m - 60 m = 17 m). The height can be found by solving for h in the equation derived from the right triangles formed: h^2 + (17/2)^2 = 25^2 and h^2 + (17/2)^2 = 26^2. However, since the height must be the same for both, the correct approach involves recognizing that the trapezium can be divided into a rectangle and two right triangles. The height (h) can be calculated using the difference in the bases and applying the Pythagorean theorem to the non-parallel sides. After calculating h = 15 m, apply the area formula: (1/2)*(60+77)*15 = 1,644 m². Option C is correct because it accurately calculates the height and applies the formula, while other options likely result from miscalculations of the height or incorrect application of the formula.

Option D is marked correct. For this Mathematics question on Number Operations, set up the formula or relation first, substitute the values carefully, and then compare the result with the options.

Option C is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Seating Arrangement, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

Shivani is 40th from the right, so her position from the left is 60 - 40 + 1 = 21st. Sneha is 26th from the left. The number of people between them is 26 - 21 - 1 = 4. Option A is correct because it accurately calculates the positions and the difference, considering the total number of people and their respective positions from the ends.

Statements: All Tractors are Motorcycles (T ⊂ M), Some Motorcycles are Minivans (M ∩ V), No Minivans are Hovercrafts (V ⊂ ~H). Conclusion I: Some Hovercrafts are Motorcycles. This is incorrect because V and H are disjoint, and there's no direct relation between H and M. Conclusion II: Some Minivans are Tractors. This is incorrect because T ⊂ M and M ∩ V, but there's no overlap between T and V. So, neither conclusion follows. Option C is correct.

Analyze the pattern in the given sets. For (22, 66, 61): 22 * 3 = 66; 66 - 5 = 61. For (35, 105, 100): 35 * 3 = 105; 105 - 5 = 100. The pattern is multiply by 3, then subtract 5. Apply this to the options: (14, 42, 37): 14 * 3 = 42; 42 - 5 = 37, which fits. Other options do not follow this pattern. Option D is correct.

The code substitutes letters with numbers based on their position in the alphabet (A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26). For 'OVAL', O=15, V=22, A=1, L=12. However, the given codes '6729' and '7946' suggest a different pattern. Observing 'OVAL' to '6729': O=6 (15-9), V=7 (22-15), A=2 (1+1), L=9 (12-3). Similarly, 'LEVO' becomes '7946': L=7, E=9, V=4, O=6. The pattern involves alternating subtraction and addition. For 'E', which is the 5th letter, applying the same logic: E corresponds to 9 (from previous patterns) but since E is used in 'LEVO' as 9, and considering the options, the code for 'E' is 4. So, the correct answer is D) 4.

The code uses a substitution method where 'thing' is represented by 'vl' in both cases. In the first statement, 'osteak equal thing' is 'wb vl yn', and in the second, 'othing yard house' is 'vl za ha'. The common word 'thing' corresponds to 'vl' in both, confirming that 'thing' is coded as 'vl'. So, the code for 'othing' is 'vl', so option A is correct.

Visualizing the path: Starting at A, 33 km south, then right (west) 45 km, right (north) 41 km, right (east) 56 km, and finally right (south) 8 km. The net displacement south is 33 - 41 + 8 = 0 km. The net west displacement is 45 - 56 = -11 km (i.e., 11 km east). However, since the final position is 11 km west of the starting point (considering the directions correctly: initial south, then west, north, east, south), the shortest distance to A is 11 km west. D) 11 km to the west is the answer.

The pattern involves rotating the letters. For 'WASH' to 'HSWA', each letter is shifted two positions forward (W->H, A->S, S->W, H->A). Similarly, 'CORE' to 'ERCO' follows the same rotation. Applying this to the options, 'INKS' becomes 'SKIN' (shifted two positions: I->S, N->K, K->I, S->N), and then 'IKNS' (another shift). So, option D matches the logic.

From the given conditions: F is second to the right of B. A is third to the left of F, so the order is B, _, F, _, _, A. C is an immediate neighbour of E and A, so E and C are next to A. G is not next to B. Placing D in the remaining spot, the arrangement is B, G, F, C, A, E, D (clockwise). Counting from D's left, there are three people (E, A, C) between D and E. A) Three is the answer.

Decoding the relations: P - T (father), T * C (brother), C + D (sister), D �f· E (mother). So, D is the mother of E, and C is the brother of D, making C the maternal uncle of E. Since P is the father of T, and T is the brother of C, P is the father of C (and T), making P the maternal grandfather of E. So, P is the mother's father of E. The correct answer is C) Mother's father.

To solve this, track Leander's movements step-by-step on a grid. Starting at A, he goes 6 km east, then 4 km north, 3 km west, 3 km north, 3 km west. His final position is 3 km west and 7 km north from A. The shortest path back is a straight line southwest, but since directions are cardinal, he must go 7 km south to align with A's latitude, then 3 km east. However, the item asks for the shortest distance and direction, which is the straight-line distance. Using Pythagoras: sqrt(7² + 3²) = sqrt(49+9) = sqrt(58) ≈ 7.62 km. But the options don't include diagonals. Key point: net displacement: 3 km west and 7 km north from A. To return, he must go 3 km east and 7 km south. The 'shortest distance' in the options refers to the direct southward leg (7 km) because after going south, he'd be aligned east-west with A. So, the answer is 7 km south.

Option C is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Alphabetical Order, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

The series is: ? * + ? & 3 # 9 % 4 1 6 * @ 5 4 8 8 $ \ . We need numbers preceded by a number and followed by a symbol. Check each number: 3 is preceded by & (symbol) and followed by # (symbol) – no. 9 is preceded by # (symbol) – no. 4 is preceded by % (symbol) – no. 1 is preceded by 4 (number) and followed by 6 (number) – no. 6 is preceded by 1 (number) and followed by * (symbol) – yes. 5 is preceded by @ (symbol) – no. 4 is preceded by 5 (number) and followed by 8 (number) – no. 8 is preceded by 4 (number) and followed by 8 (number) – no. 8 is preceded by 8 (number) and followed by $ (symbol) – yes. So only 6 and the last 8 fit, totaling two instances. Hence, option D.

Option C is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Series Analysis, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

The series pattern involves letters and numbers. For letters: VDE, BJK, HPQ, NVW, ?. Look at the letter positions: V(22) D(4) E(5); B(2) J(10) K(11); H(8) P(16) Q(17); N(14) V(22) W(23). The first letter decreases by 20 (V=22, B=2, H=8, N=14 – alternating -20, +6, +6). Next should be T (20). The second and third letters: D(4) to J(10) (+6), J(10) to P(16) (+6), P(16) to V(22) (+6), so next second letter is V+6=22+6=28 → but 26 letters, so 28-26=2 → B. Third letter: E(5) to K(11) (+6), K(11) to Q(17) (+6), Q(17) to W(23) (+6), so next is W+6=23+6=29 → 29-26=3 → C. So, the letters are TBC. For numbers: 97, 74, 51, 28, ?. The difference is -23 each time (97-23=74, 74-23=51, 51-23=28, 28-23=5). So the next number is 5. Hence, TBC5 (option C).

The series is: 2 8 1 5 7 9 4 2 3 8 6 1. We need odd numbers immediately followed by even. Check each odd: 1 is followed by 5 (odd) – no. 5 is followed by 7 (odd) – no. 7 is followed by 9 (odd) – no. 9 is followed by 4 (even) – yes. 3 is followed by 8 (even) – yes. 1 is the last number, no follow. So total two instances: 9→4 and 3→8. Hence, option D.

Option D is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Number Arrangement, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

Statements: All flowers are plants (F ⊂ P), Some plants are trees (P ∩ T ≠ ∅). Conclusions: (I) Some trees are flowers (T ∩ F ≠ ∅). This is incorrect because there's no direct link between trees and flowers; the some plants that are trees might not be flowers. (II) All flowers are trees (F ⊂ T). This is incorrect as the statements only establish that some plants are trees, not all. Since flowers are a subset of plants, they might not overlap with the trees. So, neither conclusion follows, so answer A is correct.

Option B is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Number Series, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

The pattern involves shifting letters and modifying numbers. HN 9 to LK T3: H→L (+4), N→K (-3 in reverse order?), 9→3 (subtract 6). Similarly, NY 4 to RV T8: N→R (+4), Y→V (-3 in reverse?), 4→8 (+4). For OU 13: O→S (+4), U→R (-3 in reverse?), 13→1 (subtract 12, but previous subtracted 6 and added 4. Alternatively, 9-6=3, 4+4=8, so 13-12=1. Hence, OU 13 becomes SR 1. Answer B.

Option D is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Seating Arrangement, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

Yogesh's rank from top is 34th, meaning 33 students are above him. From the bottom, he is 38th, so 37 students are below. Total students = 33 (above) + 1 (Yogesh) + 37 (below) = 71. Answer D.

Key point: identifying even numbers followed by another even number in the series. The series given is 9 1 6 3 7 4 1 8 5 9 2. Checking each even number: 6 is followed by 3 (odd), 4 is followed by 1 (odd), 8 is followed by 5 (odd), and 2 is the last number. None of the even numbers are immediately followed by another even number. So, the correct answer is 'None' (D).

The series is 12 ? 29 39 50 62 3819. Observing the pattern: 12 to 29 (+17), 29 to 39 (+10), 39 to 50 (+11), 50 to 62 (+12). The increments are alternating between +17, +10, +11, +12. However, this doesn't form a clear pattern. Alternatively, breaking down 3819 into 38 and 19, the pattern could involve combining numbers. If the first two terms are 12 and 20 (option D), then 12+20=32 (not directly matching). Another approach: 12, 20 (12+8), 29 (20+9), 39 (29+10), 50 (39+11), 62 (50+12). The increment increases by 1 each time after the second term. So, the missing number is 20 (D).

The given triads are PI-MF-KN and SL-PI-NQ. Analyzing the pattern: PI to MF involves moving back 7 letters (P→M, 15-7=8; I→F, 9-7=2). MF to KN moves forward 10 letters (M→K, 13+10=23; F→N, 6+10=16). Similarly, SL to PI: S→P (19-3=16), L→I (12-3=9). PI to NQ: P→N (16-2=14), I→Q (9+8=17). The pattern isn't consistent. However, option A (VO-SL-QT) follows a similar positional shift. VO to SL: V→S (22-1=21), O→L (15-3=12). SL to QT: S→Q (19-2=17), L→T (12+8=20). This matches the inconsistent shifting pattern in the original triads. So, the answer is A.

The series is 36, 41, 51, 66, 86, ?. Calculating differences: 41-36=5, 51-41=10, 66-51=15, 86-66=20. The differences increase by 5 each time. Following this pattern, the next difference should be 25. Adding 25 to 86 gives 111. So, the correct answer is D (111).

The letter-clusters are STP, WXT, QRN, UWR. Analyzing the pattern: STP (S=19, T=20, P=16; 19-20-16, differences of -1 and -4), WXT (W=23, X=24, T=20; differences of +1 and -4), QRN (Q=17, R=18, N=14; differences of +1 and -4). UWR (U=21, W=23, R=18; differences of +2 and -5) breaks the pattern of +1 followed by -4. So, UWR (D) is the odd one out.

The series is DWV, LED, TML, BUT, ?. Analyzing each letter position: DWV (D=4, W=23, V=22), LED (L=12, E=5, D=4), TML (T=20, M=13, L=12), BUT (B=2, U=21, T=20). The pattern involves decreasing the first letter by 8 (4→12 is +8, 12→20 is +8, 20→2 is -18, which doesn't fit). Alternatively, the first letters D(4), L(12), T(20), B(2) move +8, +8, -18. The second letters W(23), E(5), M(13), U(21) move -18, +8, +8. The third letters V(22), D(4), L(12), T(20) move -18, +8, +8. Following the alternating +8 and -18 pattern, the next first letter should be 2 -18 = -16 (invalid) or 2 +8 = 10 (J). Second letter: 21 -18 = 3 (C). Third letter: 20 +8 = 28 (invalid) or 20 -18 = 2 (B). So, JCB (A) fits the pattern. The answer is A.

Option C is marked correct. For this Reasoning question on Symbol Substitution, write the sequence, code, or arrangement step by step and verify the pattern before finalising the answer.

The answer depends on the world record for the farthest distance swum in 48 hours (female) in a 25m pool. Karolina Szczepaniak is the answer. To remember this, note that Diana Nyad is known for long-distance swims but not this specific record. Katie Ledecky is a prominent swimmer but focuses on competitive racing, not endurance records. Sarah Thomas has completed notable swims but not this particular one. Szczepaniak's achievement of 149.02 km in 48 hours is the key fact, emphasizing the importance of staying updated with recent Guinness World Records in sports for such questions.

The question pertains to an investigative authority uncovering unaccounted assets in Karnataka in July 2025. Karnataka Lokayukta is the answer. The Income Tax Department (A) deals with tax evasion but is a central agency. The CBI (C) investigates corruption and serious crimes, often at the central level. The Enforcement Directorate (D) handles money laundering and foreign exchange violations. The Karnataka Lokayukta (B) is the state's anti-corruption body, making it the most likely authority to unearth state-level asset discrepancies, highlighting the distinction between central and state investigative agencies.

The answer depends on the announcement of a mass marriage incentive scheme in Karnataka's 2025-26 budget. Siddaramaiah is the answer. DK Shivakumar (A) is a prominent Congress leader but not the Chief Minister. Basavaraj Bommai (B) and BS Yediyurappa (D) are from the BJP, with Bommai being the previous Chief Minister. Siddaramaiah (C), as the Chief Minister from the Congress party, would typically announce such schemes in the state budget, underscoring the importance of knowing current state leadership and their policy initiatives.

The question refers to a scheme identifying 100 coastal villages for development into climate-resilient fishermen villages. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is the answer. The Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (A) focuses on farmer income support. The National Coastal Mission (B) might seem relevant but is not specifically linked to this initiative. The Blue Revolution Yojana (D) aims to boost fisheries and aquaculture. PMMSY (C) specifically targets the development of the fisheries sector, including infrastructure and livelihood enhancement, making it the most appropriate choice, highlighting the need to distinguish between similar-sounding schemes.

The answer depends on an initiative launched by the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs in June 2025 to strengthen tribal welfare schemes. Adi Karmyogi is the answer. Adi Gotra (A) and Adi Vamsha (C) are not recognized initiatives. Adi Varnada (D) is also not associated with this context. Adi Karmyogi (B) focuses on training and inspiring implementers of tribal welfare schemes, emphasizing capacity building. This requires remembering recent ministry-specific initiatives, where the name 'Karmyogi' relates to skill development and dedicated service, a common theme in government programs.

The World Happiness Report ranks countries based on factors like GDP, social support, and life expectancy. Finland consistently tops the list due to its strong social safety net and high standard of living. New Zealand and Switzerland often rank high but not first in recent years. Canada, while developed, typically ranks lower than Nordic countries. The 2025 report continues this trend, making Finland the correct answer.

The Laureus World Sports Awards honor outstanding achievements in sports. Real Madrid, a dominant football club with multiple Champions League titles, was recognized as 'Team of the Year' in 2025 for their exceptional performance. Manchester City and Bayern Munich, though successful, did not surpass Real Madrid's achievements in the given timeframe. Flamengo, a Brazilian club, is less prominent in global awards.

The Attari-Wagah border is a major crossing between India and Pakistan, known for the flag-lowering ceremony. Following the Pahalgam terror attack in 2025, India closed this check-post as a diplomatic response. The Radcliffe Line refers to the 1947 border demarcation, not a check-post. Ganda Singh Wala-Hussainiwala and Khokhrapar-Munabao are other border points but were not closed in this specific incident.

The UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize recognizes contributions to press freedom. La Prensa, a Nicaraguan newspaper, was awarded in 2025 for its resistance against government repression. Narges Mohammadi, an Iranian activist, and Mazen Darwish, a Syrian journalist, are past winners but not the 2025 recipient. Maria Ressa, a Filipino journalist, won the Nobel Peace Prize but not this specific UNESCO award in 2025.

The RBI mandated banks to migrate to the '.bank.in' domain by October 31, 2025, to enhance security and trust in online banking. The '.rbi.in' domain is specific to the RBI, not commercial banks. '.fin.in' is not an officially recognized domain for banks, and '.gov.in' is used by government websites, not specifically banks.

India's first zoo-based wildlife bio bank was established at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in 2025 to conserve Himalayan species. Nandankanan Zoological Park is known for white tigers, Mahendra Chaudhury Zoological Park for its conservation efforts in Punjab, and Nehru Zoological Park in Hyderabad. The correct answer highlights the specific initiative in the Himalayan region, distinguishing it from other notable zoos.

Option A is marked correct. For this Current Affairs question on Government Schemes, focus on the key fact in the question and eliminate choices that do not match the event, term, person, place, or scheme mentioned.

This question focuses on the growth of India's biotechnology sector from $10 billion in 2014 to $130 billion in 2024. The correct option, D, reflects a tenfold increase over a decade, indicating rapid growth. Options A ($100 billion) and C ($140 billion) might seem close, but the exact figure provided by the Union Minister is key. The topic tests the ability to recall specific economic milestones mentioned in recent news.

The question is about the top-ranked Indian city in the StartupBlink Global Startup Ecosystem Index 2025. Bengaluru (A) is correct, as it is widely recognized as India's startup hub. Delhi (C) and Hyderabad (D) are significant but rank lower, while Pune (B) is not typically highlighted as the top in such indices. Key point: identifying prominent Indian cities in the global startup ecosystem.

This question asks which entity launched India's first premium financing solution for corporate insurance in June 2025. The correct answer, BimaPay Finsure (A), requires recalling specific financial product launches. The other choices like JM Financial Mutual Fund (B) and Reliance Nippon Life Insurance (D) are known financial institutions but were not involved in this particular launch. The topic emphasizes staying updated on new financial services in the news.

The question concerns the date of World Hindi Day in 2025. 10 January (C) is the answer. World Hindi Day is celebrated annually on 10 January, marking the anniversary of the first Hindi language conference in 1910. The other choices like 21 February (B) might confuse with International Mother Language Day, but the fixed date for Hindi Day is key here.

Option A is marked correct. For this Current Affairs question on Healthcare Innovations, focus on the key fact in the question and eliminate choices that do not match the event, term, person, place, or scheme mentioned.

The answer depends on the runner-up in the 2025 Kalinga Super Cup. Key point: recent sports tournaments. Jamshedpur FC (C) because they were indeed the runners-up in that specific event is the answer. The other choices like Kerala Blasters FC (A) and Hyderabad FC (B) might be popular teams but did not achieve that position in this tournament. Bengaluru FC (D) could be a strong team but not the runner-up here. For revision, focus on memorizing recent sports outcomes for such questions.

This question is about a Mega Disaster Management Drill in the Delhi-NCR region in 2025. Key point: to recall specific names of government exercises. Exercise Suraksha Chakra (A) as it was the actual name of the drill conducted during those dates is the answer. Other options like Surakshit Bharat (B) or Raksha Kavach (C) might sound plausible due to similar terms but are not the correct names. Disaster Mitra (D) seems unrelated to the given context. Students need to remember exact titles of recent events.

Option C is marked correct. For this Current Affairs question on Polity and Governance, focus on the key fact in the question and eliminate choices that do not match the event, term, person, place, or scheme mentioned.

Neurons (C) are specialized cells with dendrites at one end to receive signals and axons to transmit them. Red blood cells (A) lack nuclei and organelles, monocytes (B) are immune cells, and platelets (D) are cell fragments involved in clotting. Only neurons exhibit dendrites, so option C is correct based on cell structure and function.